Adie’s Pupil: a pupil that fails to react to bright light normally due to impaired function of the nerve. There is no substantial interference to vision
Amaurosis Fugax: temporary blindness in one eye that may result from a transient ischemic attack (TIA) or an impending stroke
Amblyopia: also known as lazy eye; a visual impairment due to the lack of inputs from the eye to the brain during childhood
Amsler Grid: square grid with a dot at the centre used to diagnose macular degeneration (MD)
Aphakia: condition where the natural lens of the eye is missing, usually resulting from cataract extraction surgery
Arcus Senilis: grey or white ring that forms in the periphery of the cornea. There is no substantial interference to vision
Astigmatism: impaired vision due to irregular shape of the cornea
Aqueous humour: clear gelatinous fluid present between the cornea and lens, and maintains the pressure inside the eye
Bell’s Palsy: condition which causes temporary paralysis of certain muscles on one side of the face, which can prevent blinking of the eye on the affected side
Blepharitis: inflammation of the eyelids causing red and itchy eyelids and formation of dry crusts on the eyelashes
Cataract: clouding of the natural lens of the eye and affects vision
Chalazion: small cyst in the eyelid caused by blocked oil glands
Choroid: region between the sclera (white of the eye) and the retina that consists of the blood vessels and connective tissues
Ciliary body: tissue that produce aqueous humour
Ciliary muscle: helps change the shape of the lens for focusing of image
Conjunctiva: thin transparent membrane that coats the inner surface of the eyelid and the white part of the eyeball (the sclera)
Conjunctivitis: infection or inflammation of the conjunctiva
Cornea: dome-shaped clear membrane that covers the outer surface of the eye
Corneal Oedema: fluid collection in the cornea, often causing impairment of vision
Corneal Erosion: spontaneous loss of the outermost layer (epithelium) of the cornea which can cause sensitivity to light and blurring of vision
Corneal Ulcer: open sore in the outer layer of the cornea often caused by infection
Central Retinal Artery Occlusion: blockage of the main artery supplying blood to the retina
Central Retinal Vein Occlusion: blockage of the main vein in the retina
Central Serous Retinopathy: vision abnormality caused by build-up of fluid under the retina
Cyclophotocoagulation: procedure used to destroy the ciliary body, the part of the eye that produces fluid
Dacryocystitis: inflammation of the tear sac (nasolacrimal sac) adjacent to the nose
Dermatochalasis: excess skin on the eyelids, usually from loss of elastic tissue in the skin; also known as baggy eyes
Diplopia: double vision
Drusen: yellow deposits under the retina; increases the risk of age-related macular degeneration
Ectropion: age-related abnormal outward turning of an eyelid
Entropion: abnormal inward turning of an eyelid causing redness and irritation
Epiretinal membrane: abnormal growth of thin transparent tissue on the surface of the macular area; also called macular pucker
Esotropia: condition where one or both eyes are turned inwards
Exophthalmos: extrusion of eyeballs from their sockets
Exotropia: condition where the eyes are turned outwards
Fluorescein angiography: test that uses a special dye and camera to observe the flow of blood in the retina and choroid
Fuchs’ dystrophy: progressing disease characterised by the death of cells lining the cornea and maintaining its transparency
Glaucoma: damaged optic nerve caused by increased fluid pressure inside the eyes
Hemianopia: loss of vision in half of the visual field (in one or both eyes); often caused by brain injury or stroke
Hyphema: pooling of blood in the anterior chamber of the eye
Intraocular pressure: fluid pressure inside the eye
Iris: coloured part of the eye located between the cornea and lens which is responsible for the amount of light that reaches the retina
Iridotomy: procedure which involves making a puncture through the iris
Iritis: inflammation of the iris
Keratitis: inflammation of the cornea
Keratectomy: removal of a portion of the cornea
Keratoconus: condition, in which the cornea takes a cone-like shape
Keratomileusis: procedure that corrects the curvature of the cornea
Lens: transparent flexible disc that helps focus light on the retina
Long-sightedness: condition which affects a person’s ability to see objects close to them; also known as hyperopia
Macula: yellow central portion of the retina responsible for central high-resolution vision
Macular oedema: fluid and protein deposition on or under the macula
Metamorphopsia: vision impairment, in which grid of straight lines seems wavy and parts of the grid may seem blank
Micropsia: vision impairment in which objects appear to be smaller than normal
Neovascularization: growth of small abnormal leaky blood vessels in the eye
Nystagmus: fast movement of the eyeballs either up and down, side to side or around
Ocular migraine: vision loss usually lasting less than an hour; often accompanied by or following a migraine headache
Optic disc: circular area behind the eye where the optic nerve connects to the retina
Optic nerve: nerve that connects the eye to the brain and passes on the information of the image to the brain
Optic neuritis: inflammation of the optic nerve resulting in visual disturbances
Optical coherence tomography: non-invasive imaging test that takes cross-sectional images of the retina
Papilledema: swelling of the optic disc due to elevated fluid pressure in the brain
Photodynamic therapy: treatment for wet age-related macular degeneration (wet AMD)
Pinguecula: noncancerous growth of the conjunctiva, which is slightly raised from the surface of the sclera
Presbyopia: age-related condition where the eye’s lens loses its ability to change shape and focus on nearby objects
Pterygium: noncancerous growth that starts at the conjunctiva, covers the sclera, and grows onto the cornea; also known as Surfer’s eye
Ptosis: drooping of the eyelids caused by muscle weakness
Retina: light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye
Retinopathy: disease caused by damage of blood vessels of the retina
Retinal detachment: pulling away of the retina from its supportive tissue
Rubeosis iridis: growth of new abnormal blood vessels on the surface of the iris
Sclera: white of the eye
Scotoma: area of diminished vision within the visual field
Short–sightedness: condition which affects a person’s ability to see distant objects, while close objects can be seen clearly; also known as myopia
Strabismus: abnormal alignment of the eye
Stye: small painful lump (collection of pus) at the base of the eyelashes usually caused by bacteria
Trichiasis: abnormal inward growth of eyelash
Uvea: middle layer of the eye beneath the sclera, and consists of the iris, ciliary body, and choroid
Uveitis: inflammation of the uvea
Vitreous humour: clear gel-like material that lies between the lens and the retina
Vitrectomy: surgical removal of vitreous humour from the eye
Vitreous detachment: separation of vitreous humour from the retina